The series of sniper rifles is standard issue in the armies of several countries, including those of Britain, Ireland, and Germany (picture shows a rifle of the ).A sniper rifle is a,. Requirements include accuracy, reliability, mobility, concealment and optics for, and uses of the. The modern sniper rifle is a portable shoulder-fired weapon system with a choice between or, fitted with a for extreme and chambered for a high-ballistic performance. In the United States, sniper rifles have been marketed to civilians including paramilitary militias. The British, used extensively during the.
Some of these rifles were fitted with a on top of the barrel, thus creating the first actual sniper rifle.The was arguably the first long-range sniper rifle in the world. Designed by Sir, a prominent British engineer, it used barrels with, which meant that the projectile did not have to bite into the rifling grooves as was done with conventional rifling. His rifle was far more accurate than the, which had shown some weaknesses during the recent. At trials in 1857, which tested the accuracy and range of both weapons, Whitworth's design outperformed the Enfield at a rate of about three to one. Also, the Whitworth rifle was able to hit the target at a range of 2,000 yards, whereas the Enfield could only manage it at a distance of 1,400 yards. During the, the were tasked to eliminate Union field artillery crews, and were responsible for killing – one of the highest-ranking officers killed during the Civil War – at the.During the Crimean War, the first optical sights were designed for fitting onto the rifles. Much of this pioneering work was the brainchild of Colonel D.
Davidson, using optical sights produced by of. This allowed a to more accurately observe and target objects at a greater distance than ever before.
The telescopic sight, or scope, was originally fixed and could not be adjusted, which therefore limited its range. By the 1870s, the perfection of magazine rifles led to sniper rifles having 'effective accurate' ranges of up to a mile away from its target.During the, the latest breech-loading guns with and were used by both sides. The British were equipped with the rifle, while the Boers had received the latest rifles from Germany.
In the open terrain of, the marksman was a crucial component in battle. The was a British Army unit formed in 1899 that was renowned for the expert marksmanship and stalking skills of its personnel. The men wore for camouflage and were expertly skilled in observation. Said of them that 'keener men never lived'. After the Boer War, the Scouts became the first official sniper unit in the.It was not until that sniper rifles began to be used more regularly in battle and certain soldiers given specialized training to use such a rifle. In Germany, these trained were given rifles with telescopic sights, which illuminated at night in order to improve their accuracy. German fitted the scope above the barrel for optimal accuracy.During the War, the accuracy of the sniper rifle was greatly improved.
By the end of snipers were reported to provide 'reasonable accuracy' over 600 m (656 yd) with anything over this range being unpredictable. It was during World War I and II that the word ‘sniper’ began to be used commonly, whereas previously those who were armed with sniper rifles were referred to as sharpshooters, or marksmen.These marksmen, wielding sniper rifles, had a drastic and demoralizing effect on the battlefield. Soldiers would often remain hidden in or so as not to expose themselves to the deadly accuracy of a sniper.
Some soldiers even began to disregard orders from commanding officers to protect against potential harm, which thus broke down the on the battlefield. The sniper rifle soon acquired the reputation of being one of the most effective and ruthless weapons of war.Though sniper rifles had proved to be extremely effective in combat, there was still a great reluctance in many militaries to adopt a trained sniper. To effectively use a sniper rifle, a soldier had to go through particularly rigorous training, and most people did not make it past the first week. Sniper training was so expensive to conduct that, even until as recently as 1970, the reasoning for having trained snipers as a part of an army was deemed questionable.
In Britain, sniper rifles were not seen as being an integral part of an army until after the Germans boasted so much success with sniper teams during the early months of World War I. The British army advisors supposed that the telescopic sights attached to sniper rifles were too easily damaged and thus not well suited for military use. However, they soon realized that these telescopic sights could be improved and made sturdy enough to withstand a sniper rifle shot.
Era sniper rifles, US Army (top) and USMC (bottom).Sniper rifles have continued to be used consistently throughout the later part of the 20th century in Korea, Vietnam and the Middle East as an integral part of the modern style of. The durability, accuracy and power of modern sniper rifles are beyond anything in use even 10 years ago and would seem amazing in comparison to any World War II sniper rifles. Now sniper rifles are extremely reliable and are able to fire repeatedly without losing accuracy, whereas earlier sniper rifles would lose accuracy the more consistently they were used due to. Sniper rifles continue to be adapted and improved upon with the effective range of modern sniper rifles exceeding 1,000 m (1,094 yd), which make it one of the most accurate, deadly and efficient weapons in use now.
Classification Modern sniper rifles can be divided into two basic classes:. Military. Special policeman holding a.Sniper rifles manufactured for military service are often designed for very high durability, range, reliability, sturdiness, serviceability and repairability under adverse environmental and combat conditions, at the sacrifice of a small degree of accuracy. Military snipers and sharpshooters may also be required to carry their rifles and other equipment for long distances, making it important to minimize weight. Sniper Scope Reticle1 – Lead/deflection scale2 – Main targeting chevron3 – Bullet drop chevrons4 – RangefinderThe features of a sniper rifle can vary widely depending on the specific tasks it is intended to perform. A Marine manually extracts an empty cartridge and chambers a new 7.62×51mm round in his bolt-action sniper rifle.
The bolt handle is held in the shooter's hand and is not visible in this photo.A rifle is less specialized than a typical military sniper rifle, often only intended to extend the range of a group of soldiers. Therefore, when a semi-automatic action is used it is due to its ability to cross over into roles similar to the roles of standard issue weapons. There may also be additional advantages if the DMR uses the same ammunition as the more common standard issue weapons.
These rifles enable a higher volume of fire, but sacrifice some long range accuracy. They are frequently built from existing or assault rifles, often simply by adding a telescopic sight and adjustable stock.A police semi-automatic sniper rifle may be used in situations that require a single sniper to engage multiple targets in quick succession, and military semi-automatics, such as the, are used in similar 'target-rich' environments.Magazine In a military setting, logistical concerns are the primary determinant of the cartridge used, so sniper rifles are usually limited to rifle cartridges commonly used by the military force employing the rifle and ammunition. Since large national militaries generally change slowly, military rifle ammunition is frequently battle-tested and well-studied by ammunition and firearms experts. Consequently, police forces tend to follow military practices in choosing a sniper rifle cartridge instead of trying to break new ground with less-perfected (but possibly better) ammunition.Before the introduction of the standard (.308 Winchester) cartridge in the 1950s, standard military cartridges were the or 7.62×63mm (United States), (7.7×56mmR) (United Kingdom) and (8mm Mauser Germany). The.30-06 Springfield continued in service with U.S. Marine Corps snipers during the in the 1970s, well after general adoption of the 7.62×51mm. At the present time, in both the and within, is currently the primary cartridge of choice for military and police sniper rifles.Worldwide, the trend is similar.
The preferred sniper cartridge in is another.30 caliber military cartridge, the, which has slightly superior performance to the 7.62×51mm, although the rimmed design limits reliability compared to the latter cartridge. This cartridge was introduced in 1891, and both Russian sniper rifles of the modern era, the and the, are chambered for it.Certain commercial cartridges designed with only performance in mind, without the logistical constraints of most armies, have also gained popularity in the 1990s. These include the (7.2×64mm), (7.8/7.62×67mm), and the (8.6×70mm).
These cartridges offer better ballistic performance and greater effective range than the 7.62×51mm. Though they are not as powerful as.50 caliber cartridges, rifles chambered for these cartridges are not as heavy as those chambered for.50 caliber ammunition, and are significantly more powerful than rifles chambered for 7.62×51mm. (Special Applications Scoped Rifle or Semi-Automatic Anti Material Rifle), a.50 caliber anti material rifle used in a sniper rifle.Though not the typical role for the Barrett, it does have certain desirable long range characteristics.Snipers may also employ in sniping roles against targets such as vehicles, equipment and structures, or for the long-range destruction of explosive devices; these rifles may also be used against personnel.Anti-materiel rifles tend to be semi-automatic and of a larger caliber than other rifles, using cartridges such as the, or even. These large cartridges are required to be able to fire projectiles containing payloads such as explosives, armor-piercing cores, incendiaries or combinations of these, such as the projectile. Due to the considerable size and weight of anti-materiel rifles, two- or three-man sniper teams become necessary.Barrel are normally of precise manufacture and of a heavier cross section than more traditional barrels in order to reduce the change in impact points between a first shot from a cold barrel and a follow-up shot from a warm barrel. Unlike many battle and assault rifles, the bores are usually not chromed to avoid inaccuracy due to an uneven treatment.When installed, barrels are often free-floated: i.e., installed so that the barrel contacts the rest of the rifle only at the receiver. A avoids contact with the fore-end of the stock by the barrel itself, slings, bipods, or the sniper's hands that can interfere with barrel harmonics.
The end of the barrel is usually crowned or machined to form a rebated area around the muzzle proper to avoid asymmetry or damage, and consequent inaccuracy.External longitudinal fluting that contributes to heat dissipation by increasing the surface area, while simultaneously decreasing the weight of the barrel, is sometimes used on sniper-rifle barrels.Sniper-rifle barrels may also utilize a threaded muzzle or combination device ( or and attachment mount) to allow the fitting of a. These suppressors often have a means of adjusting the point of impact while fitted.Military sniper rifles tend to have barrel lengths of 609.6 mm (24 inches) or longer, to allow the cartridge propellant to fully burn, reducing the amount of revealing muzzle flash and increasing muzzle velocity. Police sniper rifles may use shorter barrels to improve handling characteristics. The shorter barrels' muzzle velocity loss is unimportant at closer ranges; the impact velocity of the bullet is more than sufficient.Stock The most common special feature of a sniper rifle is the adjustable cheek piece, where the shooter's cheek meets the rear of the stock.
For most rifles equipped with a telescopic sight, this area is raised slightly, because the telescope is positioned higher than. A cheek piece is simply a section of the stock that can be adjusted up or down to suit the individual shooter.
To further aid this individual fitting, the stock can sometimes also be adjusted for length, often by varying the number of inserts at the rear of the stock where it meets the shooter's shoulder. If the stock is manufactured from wood, environmental conditions or operational use may, which may cause slight alignment or barrel harmonics changes over time, altering the point of impact. Stocks manufactured from polymers and metal alloys are less susceptible to point of impact shifting by environmental conditions. Sniper stocks are typically designed to avoid making contact with the barrel of the weapon and minimize the effects of environmental inconstancies.
Modern sniper rifle stocks tend to be designed around a rigid chassis, offer user adjustability to allow shooters of various sizes and shapes to tailor the stock to their personal preferences and modular attachment points to provide flexibility to utilize (future) low light and day light aiming optics, laser designators, and other accessories without the need for custom made mounting interface kits. (2013) modular sniper rifle based on an aluminum alloy chasis stock with fully adjustable side-folding buttstock and tubular handguard offering attachment points.Accessories An adjustable is often fitted on the rifle, used by the sniper to achieve better stability when standing, kneeling, or sitting. The sniper uses the sling to 'lock-in' by wrapping his non-firing arm into the sling forcing his arm to be still., such as, and, are also regularly used to aid and improve stability and reduce operator fatigue.Shooting bags are also commonly used to help stabilize the rifle or to provide a variable base.Capabilities Accuracy.
The sniper rifle has an accuracy guarantee of 0.25 MOA (0.07 )A military-issue or is usually capable of between 3–6 (1–2 ) accuracy. A standard-issue military sniper rifle is typically capable of 1–3 MOA (0.3–1 mrad) accuracy, with a police sniper rifle capable of 0.25–1.5 MOA (0.1–0.5 mrad) accuracy. For comparison, a competition target or may be capable of accuracy up to 0.15–0.3 MOA (0.05–0.1 mrad).A 1 MOA (0.28 mrad) average extreme spread for a 5-shot group (meaning the center-to-center distance between the two most distant bullet holes in a shot-group) translates into a 69% probability that the bullet's point of impact will be in a with a diameter of 23.3 cm (9.2 in) at 800 m (875 yd). This average extreme spread for a 5-shot group and the accompanying hit probability are considered sufficient for effectively hitting a human shape at 800 m distance.In 1982, a U.S. Army draft requirement for a Sniper Weapon System was: 'The System will: (6) Have an accuracy of no more than 0.75 MOA (0.2 mrad) for a 5-shot group at 1,500 meters when fired from a supported, non-benchrest position'.
The Sniper Weapon System adopted in 1988 has a stated maximum effective range of 800 meters and a maximum allowed average mean radius (AMR) of 1.9 inches at 300 yards from a machine rest, what corresponds to a 0.6 MOA (0.17 mrad) extreme spread for a 5-shot group when using 7.62 × 51 mm M118 Special Ball cartridges.A 2008 market survey for a (PSR) calls for 1 MOA (0.3 mrad) extreme vertical spread for all shots in a 5-round group fired at targets at 300, 600, 900, 1,200 and 1,500 meters. In 2009 a market survey calls for 1 MOA (0.28 mrad) extreme vertical spread for all shots in a 10-round group fired at targets at 300, 600, 900, 1,200 and 1,500 meters. The 2009 Precession Sniper Rifle requirements state that the PSR when fired without suppressor shall provide a confidence factor of 80% that the weapon and ammunition combination is capable of holding 1 MOA (0.28 mrad) extreme vertical spread.
This shall be calculated from 150 ten (10) round groups that were fired unsuppressed. No individual group shall exceed 1.5 MOA (0.42 mrad) extreme vertical spread. All accuracy will be taken at the 1,500 meter point.In 2008 the US military adopted the which has corresponding maximum allowed extreme spread of 1.8 MOA (0.5 mrad) for a 5-shot group on 300 feet, using M118LR ammunition or equivalent. In 2010 the maximum bullet dispersion requirement for the corresponds to 1.4 MOA (0.39 mrad) extreme spread for 5 shot group on 100 meters.
In 2011, the US military adapted the.300 Winchester Magnum that has to meet an accuracy requirement to fire ≤ 1 MOA/0.28 mrad (less than a 2-inch shot group at 200 yards) before being released for fielding.Although accuracy standards for police rifles do not widely exist, rifles are frequently seen with accuracy levels from 0.5–1.5 MOA (0.2–0.5 mrad). For typical policing situations, an extreme spread accuracy level no better than 1 MOA (0.3 mrad) is usually all that is required. This is because police typically employ their rifles at short ranges. At 100 m or less, a rifle with a relatively low accuracy of only 1 MOA (0.3 mrad) should be able to repeatedly hit a 3 cm (1.2 inch) target. A 3 cm diameter target is smaller than the which is targeted by police snipers for its quick killing effect. Maximum effective range CartridgeMaximum effective range600–800 m(.223 Remington)600–800 m(.308 Winchester)800–1,000 m800–1,000 m800–1,000 m900–1,100 m900–1,200 m1,200–1,500 m(.50 BMG)(.50 Russian)1,500–2,000 m1,800–2,300 mUnlike police sniper rifles, military sniper rifles tend to be employed at the greatest possible distances so that range advantages like the increased difficulty to spot and engage the sniper can be exploited.The most popular military sniper rifles (in terms of numbers in service) are chambered for 7.62 mm (0.30 inch) caliber ammunition, such as.
Since sniper rifles of this class must compete with several other types of military weapons with similar range, snipers invariably must employ skilled to conceal their position. The recent trend in specialized military sniper rifles is towards larger calibers that offer relatively favorable hit probabilities at greater range with anti-personnel cartridges such as the and the and anti-materiel cartridges such as the, and the. This allows snipers to take fewer risks, and spend less time finding concealment when facing enemies that are not equipped with similar weapons.Maximum range claims made by military organizations and materiel manufacturers regarding sniper weapon systems are not based on consistent or strictly scientific criteria. The problem is only the bullet interacts after a relatively long flight path with the target (which can also be a materiel target for a sniper bullet). This implies that variables such as the minimal required hit probability, local atmospheric conditions, properties and velocity of the employed bullet (parts), properties of the target and the desired terminal effect are major relevant factors that determine the maximum effective range of the employed system.See also.Related military roles.Related military weapons.Notes. Violence Policy Center (May 1999).
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19–20. Raudzens, George. 'War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History'. The Journal of Military History. 420.
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Archived from on 27 April 2005. Retrieved 25 February 2019. The, a national-level policing organization, has recently specified an accuracy level of 0.5 MOA for 5 shots at 100 yd for sniper rifles issued to their teams. Bartlett, Derrick D.
Archived from on 28 September 2007. Minimum documented range is 5 yards, maximum documented range is 187 yards: Police Sniper Utilization Survey, 2006, full report available to military and law enforcement agencies only.
American Sniper Association. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Some information publicly available from The Ultimate Sniper: an Advanced Training Manual for Military and Police Snipers, 1993. (September 1990).
The Police Operations Page. Minnesota National Guard Counter Sniper School. Archived from on 27 September 2007. Approximate maximum effective ranges of common cartridges when used in an adequately accurate rifle system with special long-range high accuracy ammunition at sea level conditionsReferences. Tobias, Ronald (1981).
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Violence Policy Center (May 1999). (PDF).External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. – Detailed overview of the accurization process for a.25 MOA rifle., by barrel maker.
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